Antisemitism essays

Antisemitism essays The Holocaust was not a strictly Jewish event that only involved the European Jewry as a culture. The Holocaust began with the euthanasia acts that began in 1939 when under the Nazi Party citizens that were racially German who were mentally ill, physically disabled, and incurable sick were gassed and killed. Along with European Jewry other groups such as Russian prisoners of war, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witness, gypsies and others were discriminated against and killed. Although the European Jewry made up the majority of those killed by Nazi Germany they were not the only ones affected by the Nazis reign. The first to be affected by the Holocaust were those who in 1939 had been physically and mentally disadvantaged. These killings were considered mercy killings and under this euthanasia program about eighty thousand people were killed in six different centers. These were not the only killing that occurred but they are the ones that any record of Hitler actually ordering and are therefore the most substantial evidence for the start of the Holocaust. Also, the killing of physically and mentally disadvantaged people meant that European Jewry were not the only to be subject to the horrors of the Nazi state. Another connection between the early euthanasia acts and the later death camps is that the chemists who performed these acts were and experimented with different poisons and carbon monoxide were moved to the East to continue their work there. Since the public had become aware of the actions being taken by the Nazi government the programs were slowed down and gradually moved out of Germany all together. Another argument that functionalist use is that although some intention was there to rid Germany of its Jewish population it was not focused on exterminating them completely. The same anti-Semitist sentiments were just as strong if not stronger in the Great Britain and France. This anti-Semitic...

Qué es Global Entry para acelerar paso por control migratorio

Quà © es Global Entry para acelerar paso por control migratorio El paso por el control migratorio para ingresar a Estados Unidos puede, en ocasiones, ser especialmente largo pudiendo demorarse por ms de una hora. Esta molestia se puede evitar enrolndose en el programa Entrada Global (Global Entry, en inglà ©s) que, adems, puede utilizarse con el mismo fin en un nà ºmero limitado de otros paà ­ses. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre quià ©nes se pueden enrolar en el programa, cà ³mo se solicita el ingreso, en quà © consiste el trmite de la entrevista, razones de negacià ³n de la solicitud y quà © es la Global Entry Card. Quià ©nes se pueden enrolar en el programa Global Entry No todas las personas pueden solicitar beneficiarse de Global Entry. Es preciso cumplir con una serie de requisitos, el primero de los cuales es el de nacionalidad o situacià ³n migratoria ya que es necesario estar en una de las siguientes categorà ­as: Ser estadounidense o residente permanente legal en los Estados Unidos.O ser ciudadano de Argentina, India, Colombia, Mà ©xico, Panam, Singapore, Holanda, Reino Unido, Suiza, Alemania  y Corea del Sur. Los miembros de Global Entry pueden beneficiarse de paso de control migratorio rpido en esos paà ­ses, adems de en Estados Unidos. Los canadienses y los residentes permanentes legales en Canad no pueden solicitar ingreso a Global Entry. Sin embargo, gozan de beneficios similares a travà ©s del programa NEXUS  (que tambià ©n sirve para cruzar la frontera terrestre). Adems, son requisitos para obtener la aprobacià ³n de la solicitud de enrolamiento en Global Entry no ser un riesgo para la seguridad de los Estados Unidos y  que la la Policà ­a Fronteriza de Estados Unidos (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) apruebe dicha peticià ³n. Aunque este programa es principalmente utilizado por viajeros que pasan frecuentemente a travà ©s de las fronteras estadounidenses, à ©sta no es una condicià ³n y, de hecho, puede aplicar cualquier persona que cumpla con los requisitos mencionados anteriormente. En el caso de menores de 18 aà ±os, es necesario el consentimiento expreso de los padres o guardianes legales. Cà ³mo solicitar ser miembro del programa Entrada Global La aplicacià ³n debe hacerse por internet en la pgina web del Departamento de Seguridad Interna. Debe crearse una cuenta para este fin. Si solicitan varios miembros de una misma familia, hay que crear una cuenta independiente para cada uno, incluidos los nià ±os. Adems, debe pagarse $100 en concepto de tarifa o arancel. Este dinero no se recupera en el caso de que la solicitud sea denegada. El pago a de hacerse con tarjeta de crà ©dito o mediante transferencia bancaria. Una vez que la CBP recibe la aplicacià ³n, si la aprueba condicionalmente entonces procede a enviar un correo electrà ³nico a la cuenta previamente creada en el programa Entrada Global citando al solicitante para una entrevista que tendr lugar en un centro autorizado, conocido en inglà ©s como enrollment center. Sin embargo, existe tambià ©n la opcià ³n de que una vez que se ha recibido comunicacià ³n de la aprobacià ³n condicional la persona beneficiada opte por lo que se conoce como enrollment on arrival. Esto es, la entrevista tendr lugar una vez que se llega a un aeropuerto a Estados Unidos. La à ºnica condicià ³n es que la llegada tenga lugar a travà ©s de un aeropuerto autorizado para realizar este tipo de gestià ³n. Quà © esperar de la cita en la CBP El solicitante para ser enrolado en Entrada Global deber presentarse a la hora y en el lugar indicado presentando dos formas de identificacià ³n. Los ciudadanos mostrarn sus pasaportes no expirados y los residentes sus tarjetas de residencia. Adems, ser necesario llevar otro I.D. como por ejemplo la licencia de manejar. Al ser entrevistado se tomar una foto y las huellas digitales del solicitante que se cotejarn con las bases de datos disponibles para al gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Por quà © puede ser denegada la peticià ³n Las razones por las que la solicitud para beneficiarse del programa Global Entry puede ser negada son varias, destacando entre ellas, las siguientes: La informacià ³n que se da en la aplicacià ³n es falsa o incompleta. Esto serà ­a un fraude de ley y darà ­a lugar a incontables problemas seriosEl solicitante est siendo investigado por una autoridad americana, federal, estatal o localHa violado en algà ºn momento leyes de inmigracià ³n, aduaneras o de agricultura en cualquier paà ­s. No es admisible para entrar en Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de las leyes migratorias (esto aplica sà ³lo a extranjeros, incluidos los residentes permanentes)Ha sido condenado previamente por un delito o est en bà ºsqueda y capturaLa CBP no puede verificar todo o parte del historial laboral, criminal o de residencia del solicitante y, por lo tanto, no se cumplen con el requisito de demostrar que no se es un riesgo bajo para la seguridad de los Estados Unidos Quà © pasa si la solicitud de Global Entry es aprobada A partir de ahà ­, cada vez que ingrese a Estados Unidos en vez de hacer fila y esperar su turno para ser procesado por Inmigracià ³n podr dirigirse directamente al kiosko de Global Entry, pasar el pasaporte y poner sobre la mquina sus dedos para que se le tomen las huellas digitales. Es en este momento cuando se cubre en el kiosko la declaracià ³n de aduanas, tambià ©n conocida como formulario 6059B. Y automticamente se le emitir un recibo con el que ya puede ir a recoger su equipaje y proceder hacia Aduanas, donde se puede ser sometido a inspeccià ³n para controlar si trae algà ºn artà ­culo cuya entrada est prohibida en Estados Unidos. Adems, todos los extranjeros que no son residentes permanentes legales en Estados Unidos deben notificar en persona en un centro de registracià ³n de Global Entry todos los cambios que pueden afectar a sus visas, como por ejemplo, la solicitud de renovacià ³n o de peticià ³n de otro tipo de visa. Si no se hace, puede haber problemas al llegar a Estados Unidos. A pesar de estar enrolado en este programa, es posible que en ocasiones la persona deba pasar controles inmigratorios adicionales. Adems, si abusa de este programa sus privilegios pueden ser cancelados automticamente.   Opciones a Global Entry para acelerar cruce del control migratorio Y por à ºltimo, conviene tener en cuenta que este programa aplica cuando se ingresa en Estados Unidos por aire y a travà ©s de uno de los aeropuertos en los que est en funcionamiento el programa de Entrada Global. Pero hay otros programas de cruce rpido de control migratorio como por ejemplo APC para estadounidenses y para ciudadanos del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas (chilenos, espaà ±oles) o  SENTRI para paso terrestre o marà ­timo entre Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico y su equivalente Nexus para el paso terrestre entre USA y Canad. Finalmente,  destacar que todas las personas que son miembros de Global Entry pueden participar en el programa TSA Pre que permite acelerar el paso por el  control de seguridad en los aeropuertos  de USA para vuelos domà ©sticos y tambià ©n internacionales con origen en los Estados Unidos. Quà © es la Global Entry Card Es una tarjeta que se puede emitir a los miembros del programa Global Entry y que adems son ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos, residentes permanentes en este paà ­s o ciudadanos mexicanos. Para obtenerla es necesario entrar en el sistema de GOES donde se inicià ³ la aplicacià ³n para el Global Entry y seleccionar la opcià ³n  ¨activate membership card ¨.   La tarjeta contiene un chip con informacià ³n sensible y puede utilizarse para ingresar a Estados Unidos por un puerto marà ­timo o tambià ©n por una frontera terrestre utilizando las lineas designadas para SENTRI en el caso de frontera sur con Mà ©xico o para NEXUS, en el caso de frontera con Canad o para Ready Line, reduciendo asà ­ los tiempos de espera para cruzar. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Castration as a punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Castration as a punishment - Essay Example Castration is a method of punishment that involves the authorities chopping off the private parts of the offender. Various debates have existed on whether this method of punishment is fair and it is appropriate to go through several facts that show why it ought to continue. Many people have argued that this method of punishment is not fair for it involves messing with the body parts of a human being. This argument does not have much support for going through the areas that have passed this law; they pass it for it assists in punishing criminals who engage in uncouth activities such as rape (Goldin, 2013). When carrying out rape, the criminals get to mess with the private parts of innocent individuals and thus the reason why it is fair for the authorities to carry out the same type of punishment on the person. Another argument that can be used to show the fact that these people ought to be castrated is the issue of repeat offenders. Many cases exist where the person who carried out the raping crime carries out the same mistake again (Becker, 2012). After being caught and imprisoned for the first time, these people have the ability to feel as if they did not deserve the punishment and as a sign of rebellion may rape again. This matter has existed for a very long time. However, if a person is castrated after carrying out the crime for the first time, then there is no chance that he can carry out the crime again. Castration ought to be a sentencing option to the judges and this ids for the fact that when a person is sentenced to punishment of castration, he goes through much pain and suffering that may be effective enough to act as a warning to other people that may have had similar intentions. Moreover, this method of sentencing ensures that the offender does not carry out the crime again even after the release (Tracy, 2013). There are different cases that have come up over the

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Philosophy - Assignment Example ey argue using stock question, "If everything has a cause, then what caused about God?† To recommend that God require not have a cause, and then it implies the universe did not have a cause. Perhaps, the individuals who disagree with the question and recommendation, it is the universe itself or the occasion that rose it, that is the uncaused cause (Solomon and Martin 90). There are numerous illustrations of philosophers who are against the straw man First Cause contention. They incorporate Graham Priest, Steven Hales, Bertrand Russell, Nigel Warburton, Robin Le Poidevin, Simon Blackburn, Jenny Teichman, Michael Martin, and Katherine Evans. Solomon and Martin offers a few further samples from philosophy books, including Russells book Why I Am Not a Christian as the source from which numerous writers realized the caricature that was answered by the stock. Solomon and Martin believe that David Hume through his book the Dialogs Concerning Natural Religion discredits the stock straw man’s First Cause contention; he was among the first extraordinary authors to do as such. Solomon and Martin suggest that it is agreeable without qualifying the rule "Each being has a cause,† any invalidation this, if nothing else, ought to excite suspicions among the believers concerning the principle or practice. Critics routinely discredit the straw man without referring to any individual who has ever defended it. For example, Le Poidevin conceded that nobody has actually defended it, after dishonestly criticizing proponent or the advocates for the First Cause contention of disaffirming themselves by denying that God has a cause. Solomon and Martin note that Aquinas unequivocally denied that everything had a cause. Aquinas said that "to be caused by an alternate or another, does not apply to a being inasmuch as the being; generally, every being would be caused by another, so we ought to need to move ahead to limitlessness in causes - impossibility†. Aquinas believes that it is

Why we get a brain freeze Essay Example for Free

Why we get a brain freeze Essay Brain freeze occurs when something extremely cold touches the upper-palate (roof of the mouth). It normally happens when the weather is very hot, and the individual consumes something too fast. We all love Icey cold foods, especially on a ht summer day, but too much of it too fast can give us a real headache. Who hasnt had a bout of brain freeze immediately after they throw that blizzard back too fast. Brain freeze is something which most people have heard of, but which they actually know very little about. Generally it is the term given to the feeling you get after eating or drinking something extremely cold. It tends to occur when these foods and drinks are consumed fairly quickly and it is definitely not a very nice experience! So just what is it and why does it occur? What Happens What you may not know is that the pain actually occurs from the cold food and drink touching the roof of the mouth. It is the warming, afterwards, of the hard palate that causes the pain rather than the cold as what many people mistakenly think. So just why does it occur? Well the body is designed to keep as much heat in as possible, especially on a cold day. So when you breathe through your mouth for example, the body reduces the blood flow in the mouth in order to preserve heat. The way in which blood flow is reduced is that the diameter of the blood vessels is reduced. This is known as Vasoconstriction and once it has occurred, the blood vessels then return to normal which results in the dilation of the arteries within the palate. It is the nerves within the palate that translate the dilation as pain and that is why you experience brain freeze.Usually brain freeze only lasts a few seconds but it is possible that it could last for a minute or two. It is extremely rare for the pain to last any longer than that. Dealing with Brain Freeze When you experience it, it can be a really horrible experience. However, there are some things that you can do which are thought to help to relieve the pain. One of these things is to move your tongue to the roof of your mouth. This helps to warm the palate and similarly you could also try to drink water that has been left at room temperature. One thing to remember is that the temperature within the mouth does tend to heat up fairly quickly. So by covering your nose and your mouth while breathing, it could really help to speed up the warming process. The cold air that you breathe in will only make the condition worse. About Brain Freeze Studies have been carried out to see if there is a link between brain freeze and its sufferers. Not everybody experiences the condition; it is thought that only roughly 30% of the population suffers from brain freeze. Usually it is brought on after eating something such as ice cream or drinking a slurpee drink. There is also a theory that people who suffer from migraines may be more likely to suffer from brain freeze than anybody else. Slow Down Brain freeze is that little extra you get when you eat or drink your favorite cold foods. If you have been susceptible to brain freeze in the past, be careful when consuming these goodies, take your time and enjoy them. This way you can thoroughly enjoy that icey treat and avoid that icey headache. My Summary I did my summary on brain freeze’s. You can get a brain freeze by ice cream. You can also get a brain freeze by water ice or something that you ate that was cold. A brain freeze often occurs when something cold touches the top of your mouth.

plea bargaining Essay -- essays research papers

Plea Bargaining Process   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plea bargaining process is very important to the criminal justice system because without it the criminal justice system would grind to a halt. Plea-bargaining is important because if every case went to a trial it would take years for criminals to get from the time of arrest till the time of trial. The video we saw showed an example of how the process works to get criminals who plea guilty to committing minor crimes through the system faster so that the courts can concentrate on those criminals who commit major crimes. In this video you can see some of the variables that enter into the plea-bargaining system and how they can be fair and unfair to the parties involved. You can see the quality of legal representation provided by the public defenders office and how they have the discretion to what happens to these criminals. And we can explore options to improve the system to operate more smoothly and provide better justice to the criminals for the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this video we saw a few cases in which people committed crimes including public drunkenness, prostitution, and even a guy who was doing push-ups in the train tracks which caused a train to stop. In all cases the criminals were career criminals who have been in and out of trouble for years and in all cases they plead guilty and received little or no jail time. While you might think this is good for the criminals and they should be happ...

Informative essy

The gang is notorious for its flamboyant use of the color blue. Wearing blue any and everywhere, gang members often get heckled by the police. The Crips are known to have an intense and bitter rivalry with the Bloods and various surrounding gangs. They are also locked in an ongoing struggle over the drug trade with the Vice Lords. Raymond initially called the gang the Baby Avenues in an attempt to emulate older gangs and the activities carried out by the Black Panthers; Raymond was fascinated with the movement of the Black Panthers.The Gang renamed itself the Avenue Cribs and then took on the nickname the Cribs, because of the young age of members. The name Crips was first introduced in the Los Angeles Sentinel newspaper in a description by crime victims of young men with canes, as if they were crippled. Resources state, it could have Just been a misspelling error, either way the name stuck, and the Crips were officially Born Gangsters. Stanley Tookie Williams, generally acknowledged as co-founder of the Crips, started his own gang called the Westside Crips. Crip meaning â€Å"Community Revolution In Progress†.The Crips became popular throughout southern Los Angeles as more youth gangs Joined; at one point they outnumbered non-crip gangs by 3 to 1, sparking disputes with non-crip gangs, including the L. A. Brims, Athens Parks Boys, the Bishops and the Denver Lanes. The Crips eventually became the most powerful gang in California. In response, all of the other rival gangs, including the Pirus, formed an alliance that later became the Bloods. Along with friends, Williams and Washington created the initial intent of continuing the revolutionary ideology of the 960s.These aspirations were unattainable because of a general lack of political leadership and guidance. Washington and Williams were never able to develop an agenda for social change within the community. By 1971 the gang's notoriety had spread across Los Angeles. The Gang became increasingly violent as they attempted to expand their turf. By the early 1980s the gang was heavily involved with drug trade, majority being crack cocaine. In 1971, a Crip set on Piru Street, Compton known as the Piru Street Boys was formed.After two years of peace, a feud began between he Piru Street Boys and the other Crip sets. It would later turn violent as gang warfare ensued between former allies. This battle continued until the mid 1970s when the Piru Street Boys wanted to call an end to the violence and called a meeting witn other gangs that were targeted by the Crips. Atter a long discussion, the Pirus broke off all connections to the Crips and started an organization that would later be called the Bloods, a street gang infamous for its rivalry with the Crips.For many years, Crips were characterized by their tendency to wear blue in order to easily dentify each other. One suggested origin of the selected color is traced to the school colors of Washington High School in South L. A. Another the ory is the co-founder, Stanley Williams, had a good and close friend called â€Å"Buddha†, who wore blue shirts, khakis, shoes, and a blue bandana from his back left pocket. When Buddha died, Williams made blue the Crip color in honor of Buddha.A particular set of Crips, the Grape Street Crips, have been known to wear purple in addition to blue. The Shotgun Crips are separated into three sub-sets: The Nine, 139th Street; The Foe, 134th street; nd the Deuce, 132nd street in the city of Gardena, California and have been known to wear dark green, the city color of Gardena, in addition to blue to show that the Shotgun Crips are from Gardena. Crips also wear blue bandanas and British Knights sport shoes, which the Crips use BK as a acronym meaning â€Å"Blood Killas†.

Training Need Analysis

This paper investigates the literature on Training Need Analysis (TNA). The theoretical underpinnings of TNA and the various approaches used in firms are discussed in this paper. The different levels of analyses of training needs and the need for TNA in a firm are also discussed in this paper. The paper also throws light on the limitations of the conventional measures and approaches of TNA. Hence, the paper directs scholars towards the characteristic requirements of a TNA approach more suited for today’s world of work.1. What is Training Needs Analysis (TNA) Needs assessment, or needs analysis, is the process of determining the organization’s training needs and seeks to answer the question of whether the organization’s needs, objectives, and problems can be met or addressed by training. In addition to this TNA should include the determination of tasks to be performed, behaviors essential to the performance of those tasks, type of learning necessary to acquire tho se behaviors, and the type of instructional content best suited to accomplish that type of learning.An illustration of the various steps involved in training need analysis was given by Lawrie and Boringer :1) Use all possible internal and external sources of training need information, 2) Generate a large pool of items describing the trainee on the job behavior, 3) Administer the checklist to trainee behavior, 4) Cluster the training needs, and 5) Obtain information from training feedback. Influence of theory in understanding training needs.Motivation theory According to Campbell , Campbell, Weick, Dunnette, and Lawler have cited evidence for the motivational influence of an individual’s self efficacy on the perceived training needs. General systems theory  Odiorne , describes the eight systems found in training. These also include the systems view on training needs as the cybernetic system view and the organism system view. The cybernetic system view says that the needs wil l  be identified from within the organization itself and the organism system view says that the information centers at the extremities of this organism, provide the training need information to its brain stimulators.2. Different approaches to TNA2.1. Conventional TNA, The O-T-P model The conventional TNA approach adopted in organizations usually includes analysis at three levels, the organizational level, task level and person level. This was suggested by McGehee and Thayer . The organizational level training needs describe the needs of the organization as a whole, taking into consideration future business opportunities. The task level analysis considers the basic training needs of particular tasks at hand in each job. The person level analysis, considers the training requirements of each person to surpass their skill deficiencies to perform the task at hand satisfactorily.2.2. Task Analytic Approach to TNA Technical trainings deal with jobs or tasks being done by human beings. Su ch training should produce qualified task performers. So, a technical TNA encompasses three activities: need detection, task identification and collection of task performance. Training needs are detected when new equipment is brought into use or the performance quality falls below industry standards. The task identification is done with the help of a task identification matrix (TIM). Similarly a basic task information record (BTIR) is used to collect the task performance data.2.3. Performance appraisal approach to TNARumler and Brache , were of the opinion that if training was to make any significant contribution to an organization; it should be in the form of effective performance enhancement for each individual. Hence their idea of gauging training needs, sprouted from understanding the variable that went into defining the performance systems of each individual employee. Mager and Pipe, suggest analyzing training needs by first differentiating a lack of performance due to skill de ficiency, from that due to lack of motivation. 2.4. Integrated Approach to TNALeat and Lovell, propose an approach to understand training needs by combining the various levels of analysis and integrating it into one model.Figure : Integrated approach to TNA Source: Taylor and O’Driscoll, also attempt to provide an integrated approach to TNA. This includes an integration of the O-T-P and performance appraisal approaches to TNA.Figure : Integrating OTP and Performance appraisal models to TNA Source:2.5. Competency based Approach to TNA An interesting study by Agut, Grau and Peiro , suggested that managerial competency needs and technical needs are completely different from each other in the same sample. This study also indicated that the sample did not demand training to meet their need of generic managerial competencies. From this we can understand that a dichotomy does lie between competency needs and technical training needs. Therefore a competency based approach to TNA migh t not be suitable for all kinds of jobs. It might be more suitable for managerial or executive level jobs where the technical demands are lesser.2.6. Individual or Customized Approach Guthrie and Schwoerer , found that the self assessed training needs were positively influenced by perceptions of training utility, self efficacy, managerial support, and span of control positively and negatively influenced by educational level. A study on the individual training needs of music teachers and vocal trainers revealed significant differences in the training demands of the sample. This study also revealed significant differences in the target behaviors to be assessed, and assessment statuses needed by the various participants .2.7. Economic approach The economic approach to training advises managers to select and prioritize training needs based on three criteria: the profit improvement they can bring to the organization, the addition to human capital and the investment  in human capital to meet future contingencies.3. Need for TNATo develop a healthy and vital long range human resource plan, an organization must first understand the training needs of the firm, the people and the future of the firm in conjunction with cooperative strategic planning. Organizational meeting, personnel review and position review are some of the ways in which an effective training need assessment can be carried out in a firm. 4. Different levels of analysis suggested in the various approaches to TNA McGehee and Thayer, considered three levels of analysis; organization, task and man.Morano , suggested looking at the organization’s training needs at two levels i.e. organization and man. The three levels suggested by Taylor and O’Driscoll include, organization, inter organization and man. Rather than levels of analysis these are actually various categories of training need content. For example, the training needs that arise from a man, a task or the organizational content, can all be analyzed at individual, group or organizational levels. Ostroff, Ford, and Goldstein have described this level-content dichotomy in their study. Their level-content framework to assess training needs gives a better picture of the levels of TNA.Table : Level Content Framework of TNA Source: 5. Limitations of a conventional TNA Leat and Lovell, questioned the competency of a traditional TNA in determining training and development needs effectively. They say that a traditional TNA lack the ability to combine the training need analyses at different levels. A few authors have been quoted to say that the traditional TNA is a mechanistic process and its antecedents can be traced back to the industrial revolution over 200 years ago.The rigid behavioral objectives of conventional TNA are antipathetic to current notions of competence . Knight , says that the conventional TNA is not suited to meet the needs of different unique environments i.e. the different patterns of workforce, diffe rent cultures, organizational objectives, strategies and resource constraints. Oatey , criticized the conventional approaches to TNA in their lack of ability to distinguish the specific and general skills  requirements of a firm.6. Conventional measures of training needs Four major approaches were suggested by Kirkpatrick , to gauge the organization’s training needs. These included performance appraisals, supervisor tests, supervisor surveys and forming advisory committees with key personnel. Kirkpatrick , gives eleven approaches to determine the training needs in an organization. They include looking at an organization’s processes and supervisory behavior, analyzing the problems, supervisory actions, and performance appraisals and asking supervisors, superiors and subordinates. As can be seen on closer inspection, these are specific methods to measure training needs rather than approaches.Management appraisals, survey, critical incidents analysis, job analysis, asse ssment centers, psychological tests, skills inventory and data obtained while coaching had been some of the conventional methods used by organizations till that time, to understand the prevalent training needs. Otto and Glaser , suggested certain general guidelines to understand the organization’s training needs. These included, talking to the staff, gathering opinions from all levels in the firm, talking to other department and organizational heads, and reading a variety of the industry literature.ConclusionIn today’s world the concept of a job itself has become blurred. Today’s jobs include concepts as broad banding, multi skilling and path planning. The organizations of this age require a results oriented and deliberate organization strategy. Hence, the TNA in such organizations should also follow suit and be strategic and integrated in its approach. TNA should have direct and unambiguous results. Training should be designed to build on what employees already know. The present age TNA emphasizes on assisting the employees in their work and careers and helping them achieve greater future proficiency and satisfaction at work.This paper investigates the literature on Training Need Analysis (TNA). The theoretical underpinnings of TNA and the various approaches used in firms are discussed in this paper. The different levels of analyses of training needs and the need for TNA in a firm are also discussed in this paper. The paper also throws light on the limitations of the conventional measures and approaches of TNA. Hence, the  paper directs scholars towards the characteristic requirements of a TNA approach more suited for today’s world of work.

Giotto essays

Giotto essays Giotto a pre-renaissance artist and architect, was born 20 miles North of Florence Italy in the valley of the Mugello. It was described by his admirer John Ruskin as, a Lonely landscape. There were rugged mountains, rough ground and olive trees. There were no gardens or lush landscape's for Giotto to use as a reference for his art work. Giotto was supposedly born around the year 1267. This is not factual but a written chronicle said that he died in 1337 at the age of about 70. Even Giotto's birthplace is up for questioning, supposedly he also grew up in Vespignano. I would just conclude he was born in Italy. Giotto was the son of a farmer. So naturally Giotto grew up like any boy from the country doing chores and working hard. But one day while doing his chores one of the famous painters of the day, Cimabue spotted him. Giotto was spotted drawing the sheep of the fields, and to his surprise they were ridiculously realistic to the actual sheep themselves. So from then on Giotto's door to the world of art was unlocked. A 16th century biographer of artists Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as being a quick minded boy. So not surprising, Cimabue asked Giotto to join him on his trip and stay with him. Cimabue got permission from Giotto's father and they were on their way. (This is not completely factual but what is from this long ago. All the stories pretty much say Cimabue found him.) Descriptions of Giotto's physical features are not very pleasant. He was supposedly pretty ugly, even in his youth. None of that mattered and anyways, he was extremely talented and very smart. By the time Giotto was older and on the scene Florence was in a bad state, so he witnessed the cruel un humane nature of people at that time period. During this time he wrote an epic poem called the divine comedy. Giotto viewed the city as, "a pragmatist, levelheaded, sardonic and frankly materialistic: in time he would profit heavily by h...

Effective Reading Strategies For Textbooks

Effective Reading Strategies For Textbooks    Newsflash: Your teacher doesn’t care if you read the whole chapter. I know that this sounds like a lie that teachers use to make sure you fail in school and life in general, but I am not kidding. At all. In fact, if youre using effective reading strategies, youre not going to read every single word. You dont really have to. Do you know what your teacher wants, more than anything? For you to learn the material youre supposed to know, and if you use the following effective reading tips for textbooks, youll be sure to do that. Read to learn; dont just read to read. There is absolutely no guilt if you skip around as long as you understand what youre supposed to.   Effective Reading Strategies Involve Less Actual Reading The best way to spend your study hour when you get an assignment to read a chapter is to devote as little time as is humanly possible to actually putting your eyes across the words on the page and as much time as is humanly possible doing these things: Testing yourself on the contentOrganizing the contentReviewing the contentRelating new concepts in the book to ones you already knowIdentifying and memorizing technical terms, formulas, and vocabularyApplying the concepts in the textbook to real-world situations In other words, spend your time learning, not just hacking through the words on the page until they blur into a giant mass of indecipherable grayish figures. Effective Reading Strategies For Learning a Chapter As I said before, your teacher doesnt care if you read the whole chapter. He or she does care if you know the material. And you should, too. Heres how to minimize your reading and maximize your learning when you read a textbook. Just PEEK, ASK, ANSWER and QUIZ. Peek. Effective reading starts with dedicating the first part of your reading time to peeking through the chapter - look at chapter headings, view pictures, read the intro and conclusion, and browse through the study questions at the end. Get a feel for what you need to know.Ask Questions. On a sheet of paper, transform your chapter headings into questions, leaving spaces underneath. Change â€Å"Early Romantic Poets† into â€Å"Who were the Early Romantic Poets?† Change â€Å"The Lithograph† into â€Å"What THE HECK is The Lithograph?† And on and on. Do this for every heading and subheading. Seems like a waste of precious time. I assure you, it is not.Answer Questions. Read through the chapter to answer the questions you just created. Put the answers in your own words underneath the questions you’ve written on your paper. Paraphrasing what the book says is imperative because youll remember your own words much better than someone elses.Quiz. When yo u’ve found the answers to all of the questions, read back through your notes with the answers covered to see if you can answer the questions from memory. If not, reread your notes until you can. Effective Reading Summary If you practice these effective reading strategies, your test/quiz/and exam study time will decrease DRAMATICALLY because you will have learned the material as you go instead of cramming for your test right before exam time: Sample Reading Comprehension QuestionsLearn Those Facts With Mnemonic DevicesHow to Study For Any Test

Customer relationship marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Customer relationship marketing - Essay Example More and more business organizations are capitalizing and putting their major efforts on building and maintaining strong customer relationship mainly to gain highly useful and valuable information on how can they best serve their customers and keep them loyal. Relationship: A strategic Initiative ‘Strategy’ is a very common buzzword in the business filed. Large number of businesses find success with their strategy where as many turn out of the business due to in-efficient strategies. Strategies have been playing extremely significant roles in marketing in recent years. It can be argued that relationship marketing seems to be the central point of all other management strategies because no other strategies can bring success unless there is ‘better relationship’ with customers. More specifically, Total Quality Management, Supply Chain Management and Knowledge Management are some of the widely applied management strategies and these can turn to be in-effective i f the firm failed to build better relation with its customers. The older profit maximization, product orientation and transaction-based marketing concepts have been questioned and thence faded away and newer concepts of Customer Relationship Marketing has gained considerable place in marketing landscape. It eventually resulted a shift from the profit orientation to the concept of consumerism. Consumer has been placed to be ‘king’ or ‘boss’ in the market and this is often termed as a change from in-out approach to the ‘out-in’ approach. Most industries, service sectors like hospitality in particular, in very recent days give extreme importance to building and maintaining ‘consumer loyalty’. Relationship marketing is basically a stronger strategy to create customer loyalty. ‘Value creation’, ‘customer loyalty’ and ‘relationship marketing’ are more inter-related terms in marketing, because relati onship marketing and its tools have been found to help achieve customer loyalty by creating and adding values to the customers. Customers are better satisfied only when they find expected values from the products or services they consume and this in turn lead them become loyal customers. When it comes to the strategy perception, the marketing management focuses on retaining customers and make them their loyal customers. A vision to generate profits or increase production or compete with others through any possible measures is not exactly what a business is expected to have. Instead, production, competition and what ever a business does must be intended and able to satisfy its potential customers, give them the expected quality, values and reasonable standards, keep good relation with them in a way that they are treated as most valued ‘stakes’. Relationship marketing undertakes to know how to provide values to the customers. Empirical evidences show that 20 percent of th e customers bring in 80 or more percent of the profits for a business and therefore companies find relationship marketing as a key element to attaining reasonable profits that can help them survive in the business. Finding new consumers is often more expensive than retaining the existing consumers and converting them to ‘